names of convicts sent to america
This was not true for African slaves. . For each of the 7,000 individuals listed, you may be able to learn the following information: name, date of birth or baptism, place of birth, occupation, place of education, cause of banishment (where applicable), residence, parents' names, emigration date and whether voluntarily or involuntarily transported, port of embarkation, destination, By knowing how these records were written, you can determine which people in the database came to Maryland as indentured servants. The oldest was an 82-year-old woman convicted of perjury, or lying under oath. Women constituted roughly a third of the convicts sent to America, and nearly half of the women tried at the Old Bailey during the years 1718 to 1775 were sentenced to transportation. The proportion of the second large emigration from the Scots Highlands can only be approximated. Sarah later moved north while still acting the part of a princess. However, by the time the Scots arrived in Boston, they were in poor health. They were as follows: The following settled in what is now Berwick, Maine: There is also an extensive list of Scot prisoners on the John and Sara which sailed from London 1651. Transportation provided an alternative punishment for crimes which were considered serious, but not worthy of execution. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. When he died he devided his property between Peter Grant and John Taylor. The men worked long hours, 12-hour shifts. For example, the book. The prisons soon became overcrowded and extra accommodation had to be provided in derelict ships (or hulks) moored in coastal waters. A list is available through the Findmypast () search page, though not all the documents mentioned are available online. Apendix VIII: Felons from London, Middlesex, and Home Countries Teleported 1715-1775. In 1791, the first shipload of convicts left Cork harbour for New South Wales, following the so-called 'First Fleet . England shipped criminals to America until the American Revolution and to . For others, it was a way to settle debts that they could not pay or as a sentence for criminal behavior even minor offences. Slaves were sold for life whereas most convicts were sold for seven-year terms. 1817-1829 : Indexes of Tasmanian Convicts (Tasmania GenWeb) - inculdes several passenger lists 1817-1829. This example shows search results for Philip Welch, one of the young men mentioned in the court case above. The History of The Town of Durham New Hampshire, Source Historical and genealogical Reg, N.E.H.G. penal colony, distant or overseas settlement established for punishing criminals by forced labour and isolation from society. Henry Brown and James Orr,Oar,Ore lived together their entire lives. Convict Colonies. Slaves were more attractive to potential buyers than convicts. This list is only for people who came to Tasmania and Norfolk Island on convict transport ships, and were not convicts, e.g. For some male convicts, their destination was Bermuda, 3,000 miles from home. The first entry, Mary Goldsmith, lists her as Transported by 1665.. Daneil Gill , age 81 and th e son of another Scotsman Junkins, were out fishing, when they were attacked and killed by Indians. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Archives of Historical Criminal Trials in London. Sentences of transportation were still passed, with convicts held in prison while the government considered alternative destinations. Given any means of living when the indenture ended, many lived hand to mouth afterwards. Akamatsu, Rhetta Best Price: $11.77 Buy New $11.83 (as of 04:41 UTC - Details) These indentured servants represented the next wave of laborers. They are as follows: Aside from the Scot prisoners, there were other Scots, who also arrived on The Unity. The search results will give you references to that surname by page number but will not show you the actual page. John Frost. With the Transportation Act of 1718, the Crown used private companies to ship more than fifty thousand felons across the ocean, many of whom served as convict servants. An incomplete list of Scots who were sent to New England in 1650 appeared in the Iron Works papers in 1653. They are mainly from England and Wales but there are Scottish and some Irish cases and also courts martial from around the world. Indentured servants were people who came to America under a work contract, called an indenture. Servants usually worked as farm laborers or domestic servants completing manual labor. The County of Middlesex, which enclosed the City of London to the north of the Thames River, was one of the smallest in England, having an area of barely 200 square miles, but for centuries it was the most densley populated county in the Kingdom. Some of these resources can be accessed online, while others reference physical texts. Convicts who committed serious offenses were sent to secondary penal settlements such as Moreton Bay, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Harbour, or Port Arthur. Once on the database page, select your search option and enter the information you know about your ancestor. Not many people know that between 1718 and 1775 over 52,000 convicts were transported from the British Isles to America, mainly to Maryland and Virginia, to be sold as slaves to the highest bidder. A court case heard in the Salem Quarterly Court on 25 June 1661 documents an instance of people who were kidnapped and sold into indentured service. He then moved to York, Maine, to an area where other Scots had settled. The goal of this project is to eventually include records for over 100,000 people who immigrated to America as indentured servants. These men were captured at the battle of Worcester. Lookups of specific research books to find their offline locations can be found via. Search by facility name, state, region, type, and security level. The Iron Works at that time covered over 600 acres, from what is now Saugus Center to Walnut street up towards what is now North Saugus, almost out to where Route one is now and over as far as Lynn Commons. John Stewart was employed by John Giffard , as a servant, for a two year period, in his house, before being put out for blacksmithing. Show all articles. With that authority Hasslrigge sent forty men to work as indentures servants at the salt works at Shields. Among the men who were sent to the sawmills of Berwick along with other workers from the Iron Work. Apendix II: List of Ships Carrying London, Middlesex and Home Countries Convicts to America 1716-1775. Once the indenture was completed my ancestors still had nothing. But have you heard about Americas very own convict past? were the Grant brothers, Peter and James. The William Brown House in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Today is nowhere as near as large and a Historical Site. The agent would make agreements with employers who were willing to provide work for servants and would pay passage for the servants to travel to America (plus the agents fee, of course). You can access these records free of charge through Google Books. Stars: Ben Cross, Lisa McCune, Sonia Todd, Robert Grubb. Many references to this form of servitude can be found in the state, county, or local court and contract records. it was there they ran a sawmill. During its 80-year history 158,702 convicts arrived in Australia from England and Ireland, as well as 1,321 from other parts of the Empire. Although some returned to. Read more about how to use the DPLA for genealogy here. Many of those looking for cheap labor became more likely to purchase slaves. Volume I History of Transportation 1615-1775. Through Virtual Jamestown you can access several. He was evedently well reguarded by its owner and selectman Nichilas Lissen, as he married Lissen's daughter Hannah after being there only two years. 6 July 1675 his wife Ann was taken to court for not frequenting the publique worship of God on the lord's day. After four or five years on the road one of her crimes caught up with her. Select a region of the map to view facilities in that area. Railton is an advocate for Americans discovering their similarities to Australians, I also think it is important for people to understand that Australians are not unique in having convict ancestors.. 1671 he had a grant of upland, at York Bridge. Contains names of English convicts transported from England to the Americas between 1617-1775. We place some essential cookies on your device to make this website work. In 1776 the US population was estimated at 2.5 million. The term of an indenture was typically 4 to 7 years, after which time the servant was given the freedom to manage his or her own affairs.Some were even granted land and money. The country of origin, colonial distribution . The site is not limited to records about Jamestown, however, it includes a lot of information about Virginia and its neighboring states as well. Here are three free online resources to explore. I like reading these articles and I find most of them to be helpful, but, . Indentured service was a sort of work your way to America program for people who couldnt otherwise afford the expense. Appendix I: The Transportation Act of 1718. Despite these hardships, many people chose this as a way to immigrate to America. More serious crimes including rape and murder were made a transportable offence in 1830 but were also punishable by death and thus fewer of these criminals were transported. In many cases convicts appealed to be pardoned or to have their sentences reduced, while transportation itself was often used as a reduced sentence for a convict who might otherwise have been executed. Ninety percent of them stayed in Maryland and Virginia. James Taylor (b c 1630 - d 27 October 1703) from the Scottish Prisoners of War Society HO 10 and HO 11 can be downloaded free of charge from Discovery, our catalogue; however, please be aware that these are very large files, suitable only for download via a fast and unlimited broadband connection. Most of the early convicts sent to Australia were men, but in later years the British . To access the database, go to Price Genealogy and click on Database on the left side of the screen. The two young men claimed that they had been forcibly sold into service by George Dill, a ships captain who traded in indentured servants and slaves. From May 1718 to the outbreak of the American War of Independence in 1775, over 70 per cent of those who were found guilty at the Old Bailey were sentenced to be transported, compared with less than one per cent in the period from 1700 to March 1718. George Grey and wife Sarah Cooper had five children. The first 11 ships . We'd like to use additional cookies to remember your settings and understand how you use our services. Chapter V: The 'Seven Year Passengers' Cross the Alantic. The fourth entry for Susanna Goldsmith shows that her passage was paid by her father. After 1718, approximately 60,000 convicts, dubbed "the King's passengers," were sent from England to America. Indentured servants were people who came to America under a work contract, called an indenture. The project pulls from numerous resources to provide a comprehensive record of many of those who came here by way of servitude, making this database a very valuable resource for genealogists. This information will help us make improvements to the website. They eventually took advantage of a land grant program and permanently settled in what is eastern North Carolina. The Transportation Act resulted in more than 52,000 convicts being forcibly transported to America and the West Indies. Arrested in London, England, for stealing a silk handkerchief worth two shillings, Carman's ancestor was transported to the colonies and sentenced to servitude. Here is the record of the indenture of Henry Mayer to Abraham Hestant of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, on 29 September 1738 fromWikimedia Commons. The usual period of transportation was 14 years for convicts receiving conditional pardons from death sentences or seven years for lesser offences. No other reason is necessary to justify an attempt to identify these pioneers, beginning with this comprehensive listing of Middlesex prisoners sentenced to transportation throughout the period in which this odious traffic was conducted. This tool, while not providing all the details one would hope for, could save you some time as you plan your trip to a physical library that holds the text you want to search. Note: Some of the Scotmans were at Block Island after being freeded. Thomas McCarthy Fennell (1841-1914), Irish Fenian, transported to Western Australia in 1868 for treason. Have you ever wondered how your colonial American ancestors were able to travel from their homeland to America? ( Mac Connell, Mc Connell), Mackdo(n)ell Sander Mac Donnell, Mac Donnell), MackDonnell John ( Mc Donnell, Mac Donell), MackCunnell Sander ( Mc Connell Mac Connell), MackCunnell Cana ( Mc Coornell, Mac Cornell), Macendocke Daniell Mcendocke, Mc Kendock ), Mackey Huge ( mackie, Mc Kay, Mc key, Maki ), Macky John ( Makie, maki. FIRST GENERATION IN THE NEW WORLD Here is an example of a search result, obtained by typing in the surname Dally. It's corect. Youll also gain access to the MyHeritage discoveries tool that locates information about your ancestors automatically when you upload or create a tree. Assorted records of criminals, convicts and prisoners can be searched on on Findmypast.co.uk (), though many do not relate to criminal transportation. His wife's name was Sisey. It was reported he stayed in Canada and converted to Catholicism. View Near Woolwich in Kent, Shewing the Employment of the Convicts from the Hulks. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Mack Farson Rob't ( Mc Fearson , Mc Phearson), Mac Forsen John ( Mc Forsen, Mc Phearson), Mackhane Rob't ( McHaine,Ma hane, Mc Hane), Mack Hatherne patricke ( Mc Catherty, Mc Catherine), Mack Hele Alester ( Mc Kaeil, Mc Kail, Mc Hael, Mic Hael), Mackhell James ( Mc Heil, McKail, McHael , MicHael), Machellin Dan ( Mc kellen, Mac kellen ), Mac Kannell Wm ( Mac Connell, Mc connell), Mackhene Alester ( Mc Kenny, Mac Kenney), Mackholme John ( Mcholm, Macholm. crew, passengers, military. Lissen then welcomed two other Scots into the family. Now a museum, the house is the last visible structure of London Town, an 18th century tobacco port and one of the Atlantic trading sites where thousands of convicts from England entered the colonies to begin their indentured servitude. For those entering indentured service voluntarily (not everyone did) the indenture was usually arranged through an agent. They were then released back onto the streets to commit more crimes. On 3 Sep 1650, the English defeated the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar. This is just over half of all those exiled - the incomplete coverage is due to . 19 Crimes takes its name from the list of crimes for which people could be sentenced to . Janet Meydamis a freelance writer who has over 40 years of experience in genealogy as a hobby. The work was hard, dirty, hot and dangerous. Many of these handmade expressions of love and friendship are on display in the National Museum's Australian Journeys . Neither married. In Virginia and the Carolinas she was passed from one plantation house to another as an honoured guest in the guise of Queen Charlottes sister. The remainder were sold to local residents. Chapter I: The Convicts and Their Background. They can include information aimed at establishing the convicts good character and proving them worthy of merciful treatment, often including details of their personal circumstances and family background. 1788: January 26; eleven ships of the First Fleet under the command of Captain Arthur Philip in his flagship Sirius arrive with a cargo of 736 British convicts, 548 male and 188 female, who are unloaded at the harbor of Port Jackson, Botany Bay in New South Wales, the location where Magwitch of "Great Expectations," served his time. Sarah was a real life Moll Flanders who created a remarkable series of different lives for herself on both sides of the Atlantic. [14] History [ edit] Penal settlements [ edit] New South Wales [ edit] Discover more convict facts. Australia is home to 11 UNESCO Heritage Listed convict sites Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney, Port Arthur in Tasmania and Fremantle Prison in WA are all compelling attractions for history buffs to visit. Many more records survive from this period but, as few are indexed by name, finding an individual can still be difficult. In about 1676 he administered the estate of John Barry and he lived on that same land in Kittery. 1-2. The National Museum of Australia holds the world's largest collection of convict tokens, with more than 310 in its collection. Most of the Scots were hired out to other employers and went to colliers. Note: Alexander Gorthing was purchased by Samuel Stratton of Waterown. Duncan Campbell, the transportation contractor for ships leaving London during the final years of transportation to America, told a House of Commons committee that, by the time they had reached America, rather more than a Seventh Part of the Felons died, many of the Gaol Fever, but more of the Small Pox. Compiled from the British Home Office (HO) records. They had three sons, one of which was Joseph who was a soldier at Crown Point in 1726. The second entry, Matthew Goldsmith, shows that he Transported himself by 1658, meaning that he paid his own passage. The practice declined during the American Revolution and subsequent laws passed in the United States made it more expensive to finance indentures, and more difficult to enforce them. They were still there in 1659. In one well-known story, a Virginia woman named Sarah Harrison is recorded as refusing to go along with a crucial portion of the marriage ceremony. Besides being uncomfortable and inconvenient, the trip was very expensive. Here they were allowed daily rations of a pound of bread and a half a pound of cheese. 3 went to the company 's local commissioner,17 were sent back to Boston to work for William Awbrey, the company factor and the warehouse he ran there and 2 to 7 men ended up being sold to colonist. They sold the convicts singly or in groups as they passed each settlement. The third entry for Major Samuel Goldsmith shows that he transported himself, his family, and five other people who would have worked for their passage under indentures. It also outlines which details can be useful when starting your research, and contains background information on the history of criminal transportation. Appendix V: Specimen Landing Certificate for Felons 1719. She and her husband Tim have three adult children and live in Wisconsin. There was Anthony Carnes, convicted of stealing goods valued at forty shillings; Timothy Featherstonehaugh Scutt, convicted of taking two letters from the post office; Henry Porte, imprisoned for taking ten pence worth of goods; and Edward Coleman, who had ripped a lead pipe from a house belonging to the East India Company, William Gritton sent This is often because convicts were politely referred to as servants.. Records of trials held at quarter sessions are held by local archives. The information relating to these famous Queenslanders' convictions comes, in part, from the British convict transportation registers 1787-1879. Slaves commanded a much higher price. The British American colony of Maryland received a larger felon quota than any other province. The myth of highwayman Dick Turpin outlives the facts. Sometimes converted from slave-trading ships, the 100-plus transport vessels carried up to 300 convicts, in appalling conditions. Because the jails were not intended for long-term incarceration, there was nothing in between. Again he was fined in Maine for selling liquor to Indians and getting them drunk. Appendix VI: Specimen Eithteenth Century Transportation Bond. When we think about some of Americas first settlers, the Mayflower landing in 1620 often comes to mind. America refused to accept any more convicts so England had to find somewhere else to send their prisoners. He said that the emptying Britains jails into the American settlements was an insult and contempt, the cruellest perhaps that ever one people offered another; and would not be equald even by emptying their jakes on our tables. Cyndis List does index some of these for specific localities. During the 17 th, 18 th and 19 th centuries, transportation was a common sentence for people convicted of crimes for which the death penalty was deemed too severe a punishment. Henry Magoon married Elizabeth Lissen in 1661 and Alexander Gordon then married Mary, the youngest of lessin's daughters, in 1664. Answer (1 of 4): Between 1788 and 1868, approximately 162,000 convicts were transported to the various Australian penal colonies by the British government. Gilburri (1814-1902), Irish Fenian, transported to New South Wales in 1838 for desertion. Information is included in the "Convict Indents (Ship and Arrival Registers) 1788-1868" on 87,307 convicts transported from England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland or a British territory, to one of the Australian colonies. This free, searchable database was compiled from two texts, Early Settlers of Maryland by Gust Skordas and others (1968) and Supplement to the Early Settlers of Maryland by Carson Gibb and Gust Skordas (1997). Sarah Wilson was among those who were transported to America. Their son George jr. was capturd by Indians and carried off to Canada. However, in 1783 the American War of Independence ended. He was to be sure that each load was of full measure. Sometimes converted from slave-trading ships, the 100-plus transport vessels carried up to 300 convicts, in appalling conditions. John Barber was taxed at Dover 1659. along with me). As addressed in this article, many indentured servants were forced into service and treated horrendously including those accused of petty crimes and servant women who were impregnated by their employers but they were still considered human and had some rights, however minimal. John Paul They also had the hope of one day being released from their servitude. Middlesex, 1617-1775 -- v. 2. An incomplete list of Scots who were sent to New England in 1650 appeared in the Iron Works papers in 1653. James Adams went with Giffard's acrt and team. O n Dec. 12, 1719, a ship named "La Mutine," the Mutinous Woman, left the French port of Le Havre. This website was developed to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown, Virginia. In May of 1787, using Captain Cook's 20-year-old reports as their only guide, about 200 sailors and 700 convicts sailed into the unknown. The youngest criminal was a 9-year-old boy who had stolen some clothes and a pistol. If a person signed on to come as an indentured they would settle your debt and you would be brought to America. Few records of these individuals survive, though legal records from this period may contain useful information. Numbers of convicts compared to non-convicts According to one author around 50,000 convicts were transported to North America over a 58-year period before independence. . Often, within the space of their own lifetime, they achieved freedom and respectability, though many remained tied to a form of serfdom which made them little different from bonded slaves. In 1711. Besides being uncomfortable and inconvenient, the trip was very expensive. He willed all his land and marshes to be used as the site for Scotish Church. Son of [father unknown] and [mother unknown] When William Wilberforce and the reformers go to work to bring to notice the atrocities of the traffic in black slaves, the almost equally appalling activiites of the white slave traders were fading from memory - and the more closely regulated transportation schemes to Australia had yet to begin. The convicts' sentences varied from seven or 14 years to life in prison. v3.0, except where otherwise stated, Assorted records of criminals, convicts and prisoners, The Complete Book of Emigrants in Bondage 1614-1775, Friends of The National The term of service for all of them was seven years. Library has vols. Some texts available through DPLA are not viewable online due to copyright restrictions but may be searchable through an online index. Many references to this form of servitude can be found in the state, county, or local court and contract records. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. In 1654 he married Ann Winchurst of Ipswich. From the early 1600s until 1776, most transported convicts were sent to British colonies in North America. Between 1700 and 1775, approximately 52,200 convicts sailed for the colonies, more than 20,000 of them to Virginia. There were 4000 dead, 10,000 captured, and 4000 more escaped. Appendix IV: Transportation Clause from Pardon of 1655. Then they were advertised in newspapers and sold, with men priced at up to 20 British pounds and women up to 9 pounds. Appendix VII: Felons from London, Middlesex, and Home Counties Trasported 1660-1715. After 1718, approximately 60,000 convicts, dubbed "the King's passengers," were sent from England to America. However, letting them go could prove to be very dangerous. While there is no single index of the names of people transported to Australia, various lists of names exist, both in published books and among our records. 294-297. The William Brown House, an elegant Georgian brick building built in the 1760s, sits on the banks of the South River in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Mackanur died in 1670. In contrast, 19 men and 11 women were in their nineties. In America she escaped from her master and began a new set of adventures. Railtons in-depth research indicates that many British convicts traveled to their destination on uncomfortable, rat-infested cargo ships. White Servitude and Convict Labor in America, 1607-1776 Convicts A sample of the 2074 received convicts in four Maryland counties: Kent Co 1719-1744 402 KC Bonds and Indentures Queen Ann Co. 1727-1750 249 QA Land Records Baltimore Co. 1770-1774 574 BC Convict Records Anne Arundel Co. 1771-1775 849 AA Convict Records A This searchable database contains records of about 15,000 indentured servants who traveled from Bristol, Middlesex, and London, England to the mid-Atlantic colonies and the West Indies. Search above This memoir eventually became so popular that it kept being printed for over a century, into the late 1700s. The microfiche index to the New South Wales convict indents and ships, compiled by the Genealogical Society of Victoria, can be consulted in our reading rooms. Harsh as it was for them, the alternative was worse!, Between 50,000 and 120,000 British convicts were transported to America, a fact that makes many Americans incredulous, says Railton.
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