characteristics of ethiopian agriculture
As the economy grows and the population expands, consumer demand for certain types of foods is expected to increase. The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. Official websites use .gov Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. Jorge Morales Pedraza. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. The study aimed to characterize the reproductive performances and physical characteristics of Blackhead Somali indigenous sheep breeds. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. Section D. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. In the same fiscal year, 707,059.29 hectares under cultivation produced 6,169,279.99 quintals of oilseeds, an increase from the previous year of 4,970,839.57 quintals grown on 741,790.98 hectares. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. 1401 Constitution Ave NW There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Agriculture in Ethiopia. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Agriculture. Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. Kassaye Tolassa . Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. "National Statistical Abstract. . [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. Land ownership is also a complicating factor. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. Agriculture >. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. 2. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. Includes a market overview and trade data. "National Statistical Abstract. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. fINTENSIVE FARMING. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. Overview. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. The UN Joint Programme focused on Rural Women's Economic Empowerment (UNJP-RWEE) was launched in Ethiopia in 2014 by UN Women, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. State farms sold their output to the AMC. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Contributions, potentials and characteristics of agriculture in Ethiopia The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia The Ethiopian economy is an agrarian economy. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. 3. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. The expected growth from these agriculture-related industries offers numerous opportunities for agricultural input sales, such as tractors and harvesters, farm trucks, fertilizer, irrigation equipment, grain handling systems, food and livestock processing equipment, as well as cold storage facilities. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock.